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Archlute - Wikipedia [citation needed]. Formation: Japanese. The biwa is a plucked lute chordophone of Japan. used only as a drone, and usually tuned to the same note as the third string, making the second the lowest. Blind priests would play them in order to tell stories and tales of ancient war. The pipa has also been used in rock music; the California-based band Incubus featured one, borrowed from guitarist Steve Vai, in their 2001 song "Aqueous Transmission," as played by the group's guitarist, Mike Einziger. The horizontal playing position became the vertical (or near-vertical) position by the Qing dynasty, although in some regional genres such as nanguan the pipa is still held guitar fashion. The electric pipa was first developed in the late 20th century by adding electric guitarstyle magnetic pickups to a regular acoustic pipa, allowing the instrument to be amplified through an instrument amplifier or PA system. Another Chinese four-string plucked lute is the liuqin, which looks like a smaller version of the pipa. Samurai ethics and battles were selected as the main themes for this style, called Satsuma-biwa (), and more dynamic techniques were developed. The pipa is one of the most popular Chinese instruments and has been played for almost two thousand years in China. It has the largest body and relatively short neck among biwas. He also qualified as a doctor of Chinese medicine. After almost dying out post-World War II, the tradition was revived in part due to interest shown in the instrument by the internationally known contemporary composer Tru Takemitsu, who wrote instrumental compositions for the instrument. Different schools however can have sections added or removed, and may differ in the number of sections with free meter. In all biwa styles, except for Gaku-biwa (, please refer to the section Types of Biwa), fingers are positioned between the frets, not on the frets. Biwa performers also vary the volume of their voice between barely audible to very loud. Upon its arrival, the biwa was used in purely instrumental music in the court culture the instrument appears in various works of literature and art in the 10th -12th centuries, depicting nobles enjoying it in rituals as well as in their private lives. As part of, Mamoru Ohashi (Japanese, active Ogasa, Shizouka Prefecture 1953). 36 1/2 7 7/8 5 in. It was in the late 20th century that this instrument started to be re-discovered and re-evaluated in various musical settings, such as soundtrack for movies and ensemble and orchestra music, culminating in Toru Takemitsus signature piece November Steps, which premiered in New York City in 1967. A. Odaiko B. Taiko C. Tsuridaiko D. Tsuzumi 2. It was originally used by traveling biwa minstrels, and its small size lent it to indoor play and improved portability. Figure 6 shows a spectral analysis of the arpeggio read at the attack and one second later. The fish is an auspicious symbol of Buddhism signifying wakeful attention since most fish lack eyelids and remain alert. The instrument itself resembles gaku-biwa but is slightly smaller, and is held horizontally. A distinctive sound of pipa is the tremolo produced by the lunzhi () technique which involves all the fingers and thumb of the right hand. The pipa, pp, or p'i-p'a (Chinese: ) is a traditional Chinese musical instrument, belonging to the plucked category of instruments. However, following the collapse of the Ritsury state, biwa hshi employed at the court were faced with the court's reconstruction and sought asylum in Buddhist temples. Four or five frets are attached to the body, and it is played with a large wooden plectrum (bachi). Generally speaking, biwa have four strings, though modern satsuma- and chikuzen-biwa may have five strings. Biwa - Wikipedia The Traditional Music of Japan. [11] The style of singing accompanying biwa tends to be nasal, particularly when singing vowels, the consonant , and syllables beginning with "g", such as ga () and gi (). This is the original form of biwa that came to Japan in the 8th century. The traditional Satsuma-biwa has 4 strings and 4 frets (Sei-ha and Kinshin-ryu schools), and newer styles have 5 strings and 5 frets (Nishiki and Tsuruta-ryu schools). And thanks to the low tension of the strings, it is easy to bend the strings by adding pressure. For the left hand, as mentioned above under the Construction section, bending of the strings (oshikan ) and delicate control of it to create a vibrato effect (yuri ) are crucial techniques to create the biwas subtle in-between notes that are unique for fretted instruments. The five-stringed pipa however had fallen from use by the Song dynasty, although attempts have been made to revive this instrument in the early 21st century with a modernized five-string pipa modeled on the Tang dynasty instrument. The short neck of the Tang pipa also became more elongated. Shakuhachi 2. Players from the Wang and Pudong schools were the most active in performance and recording during the 20th century, less active was the Pinghu school whose players include Fan Boyan (). In biwa, tuning is not fixed. The left hand techniques are important for the expressiveness of pipa music. This type of instrument was introduced to Korea (the bipa ), to Japan (the biwa ), and to Vietnam (the tyba ). The method of holding the plectrum is different when performing kaeshibachi or kakubachi, and consequently composers need to allow a few seconds for the repositioning of the hand when using the two techniques in sequence. Biwa Four frets Figure 1 NAKAMURA Kahoru Biwa's back is flat Biwa's plectrum Figure 2 Although shaped like a Western lute, the Biwa 's back is flat and it has a shallower body. [66] Some other notable pipa players in China include Yu Jia (), Wu Yu Xia (), Fang Jinlong () and Zhao Cong (). Traditionally they are lashed with heavier rope, though some modern instruments are tightened with large screws. Instrument Classification | Mary K. Oyer African Music Archive | Goshen The biwa arrived in Japan in the 7th century, having evolved from the Chinese bent-neck pipa (; quxiang pipa),[1] while the pipa itself was derived from similar instruments in West Asia. Thought to be of Persian origin, the biwa was brought to Japan in the 8th century via Central Asia, China and the Korean Peninsula. [24], In the subsequent periods, the number of frets gradually increased,[26] from around 10 to 14 or 16 during the Qing dynasty, then to 19, 24, 29, and 30 in the 20th century. Reflecting its history as an instrument for samurai, its music is often described as dynamic and heroic. Today, the instrument is played in both narrative and instrumental formats, in the traditional music scene as well as in various popular media. Musical Instruments of East Asia Flashcards | Quizlet This type of biwa is used for court music called gagaku (), which has been protected by the government until today. Hitting the body of the instrument: The plectrum is used to hit the black protective part on the front of the instrument. Its purpose is to show in context how the biwa uses its various patterns to color some melodic tones. 4. Example 4 shows that the biwa's melodic pitch doubles the basic melodic tone on the downbeat of almost every measure, except in measure 4 where the melodic tone 'E' is supported with a 'D' in the biwa's part. Chikuzen was an historic northern province on Kyushu, the southern-most main island of Japan. In Satsuma-biwa classical pieces, the thickest string (the first) is in principle used only as a drone, and usually tuned to the same note as the third string, making the second the lowest. greatest depth of resonator Description. Typically, the lowest notes of the arpeggios are open strings, while the highest ones can either be fingered pitches or an open string. 11.7 in. 2008. The biwa is a plucked string instrument that first gained popularity in China before spreading throughout East Asia, eventually reaching Japan sometime during the Nara period (710-794). Nation: Japan. This overlap resulted in a rapid evolution of the biwa and its usage and made it one of the most popular instruments in Japan. [8] The varying string thickness creates different timbres when stroked from different directions. Ieyasu favored biwa music and became a major patron, helping to strengthen biwa guilds (called Todo) by financing them and allowing them special privileges. Kindai-biwa still retains a significant number of professional and amateur practitioners, but the zato, heike, and moso-biwa styles have all but died out. It produces distinctive ichikotsuch () and hyj (). [20], Garfias, Gradual Modifications of the Gagaku Tradition 16, Garfias, Gradual Modifications of the Gagaku Tradition 18, Ferranti, Relations between Music and Text in "Higo Biwa", The "Nagashi" Pattern as a Text-MusicSystem 150, Learn how and when to remove this template message, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biwa&oldid=1097578427, This page was last edited on 11 July 2022, at 14:28. [citation needed]. The biwa has a shallow, rounded back and silk strings (usually four or five) attached to slender lateral pegs. 77-103. It had a pear-shaped wooden body with two crescent-shaped sound holes, a curved neck, four strings, and four frets. , one can make two or three notes for each fret and also in-between notes. The most eminent 20th century satsuma-biwa performer was Tsuruta Kinshi, who developed her own version of the instrument, which she called the tsuruta-biwa. For other uses, see, Illustrations from the 15th century Korean work, Xiansuo Shisan Tao (, later incorporated into Complete String Music ), Note that some people claimed Pei Xingnu to be the female player described in the poem, History of lute-family instruments Short-necked lutes, "The pipa: How a barbarian lute became a national symbol", "Avaye Shayda - Kishibe's diffusionism theory on the Iranian Barbat and Chino-Japanese Pi' Pa', "Chapter 1: A General history of the Pipa", "Bracket with two musicians 100s, Pakistan, Gandhara, probably Butkara in Swat, Kushan Period (1st century-320)", The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of T'ang Exotics, "Pipa - A Chinese lute or guitar, its brief history, photos and music samples", A report on Chinese research into the Dunhuang music manuscripts, "Chapter 3 Musical structure in the Hua Collection", "Comparison of Three Chinese Traditional Pipa Music Schools with the Aid of Sound Analysis", "Lui Pui-yuen, master of Chinese music, returns to perform once again", "Incubus - Mike Einziger Guitar Gear Rig and Equipment", "[search page, albums featuring Yang Jing]", "La scne musicale alternative pkinoise vue par Jean Sbastien Hry (Djang San)", "BC GRIMM Experimental Acoustic-Electric Music EPK", "Experimental Electric Pipa - , by Zhang Si'an (Djang San )", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pipa&oldid=1138787889, Articles with dead external links from January 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2019, Articles with MusicBrainz instrument identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Flute and Drum at Sunset / Flowery Moonlit River in Spring, This page was last edited on 11 February 2023, at 16:35. The pear-shaped biwa lute has enchanted listeners in Japan for centuries. Classification (Sachs-Von Hornbostel revised by MIMO) 321.312 chordophone--spike box lute or spike guitar: the resonator is built up from wood, the body of the instrument is in the form of a box through which the handle/neck passes [2] Pear-shaped lutes have been depicted in Kusana sculptures from the 1st century AD. In modern biwa, particularly in Satsuma-biwa, one sometimes strikes the soundboard sharply to get percussive effects. Hornbostel-Sach Classification of instruments is a means of sorting out instruments according to how it produces sound. 20002023 The Metropolitan Museum of Art. By the late 1940s, the biwa, a thoroughly Japanese tradition, was nearly completely abandoned for Western instruments; however, thanks to collaborative efforts by Japanese musicians, interest in the biwa is being revived. Its plectrum is small and thin, often rounded, and made from a hard material such as boxwood or ivory. As part of the Met's Open Access policy, you can freely copy, modify and distribute this image, even for commercial purposes. The fourth/fifth string G is an octave higher than the second string G. Again, note this is relative tuning; it could be AEAE, GDGD, etc, depending on the players range of voice. Among the major variants are the gakubiwa (used in court music), the msbiwa (used by Buddhist monks for the chanting of sutras), the heikebiwa (used to chant stories from the Heike monogatori), the chikuzenbiwa (used for an amalgam of narrative types), and the satsumabiwa (used for samurai narratives). [12][13] Yet another term used in ancient text was Qinhanzi (), perhaps similar to Qin pipa with a straight neck and a round body, but modern opinions differ on its precise form. The Koto came from the Chinese zither "Gu Zheng" during the Nara period in Japan. It is a big percussion instrument of Japanese that plays integral part of many Japanese Matsuri (festival). Bodmin, Cornwall, Great Britain: MPG Books, pp. It has the largest body and relatively short neck among biwas. Apart from the four-stringed pipa, other pear-shaped instruments introduced include the five-stringed, straight-necked, wuxian pipa (, also known as Kuchean pipa ()),[20] a six-stringed version, as well as the two-stringed hulei (). Tachibana sought to create a new narrative style that would appeal to a contemporary urban audience (de Ferranti p. 120) and that would be performed by sighted musicians. Songs are not always metered, although more modern collaborations are metered. It was those blind monks who fell outside of governmental protection who, during the 17th century, creatively modified the biwa to introduce a shamisen flavor, such as making frets higher to play in-between notes. It is a lute with a round, hollow soundboard, a short fretted neck, and usually four strings. The Museum's collection of musical instruments includes approximately 5,000 examples from six continents and the Pacific Islands, dating from about 300 B.C. However, another variant of the biwa known as the ms-biwa or the kjin-biwa also found its way to Japan, first appearing in the Kyushu region. Public domain data for this object can also be accessed using the Met's Open Access API. [71][self-published source] In 2014, French zhongruan player and composer Djang San, created his own electric pipa and recorded an experimental album that puts the electric pipa at the center of music. Thick strings clatter like splattering rain, Kaeshibachi: The performance of arpeggio with an up-ward motion of the plectrum, and it is always soft. (88.9 30.8 29.2 cm) Classification: Chordophone-Lute-plucked-fretted Credit Line: Rogers Fund, 1968 Accession Number: 68.62.1 Signatures, Inscriptions, and Markings The 5-string specimen is larger (the vibrating length of its strings is 30.3 inches) and heavier than the 4-string specimen and also has some delicate decorative detail added that is carved out of mother-of-pearl (detail #8 and #9). The satsuma-biwa is traditionally made from Japanese mulberry, although other hard woods such as Japanese zelkova are sometimes used in its construction. The same piece of music can therefore differ significantly when performed by students of different schools, with striking differences in interpretation, phrasing, tempo, dynamics, playing techniques, and ornamentations. The sound can be totally different depending on where the instrument is hit, how the plectrum is held, and which part of the plectrum hits the surface. The instrument is played with a large wedge-shaped plectrum called a bachi. During the Song dynasty, many of the literati and poets wrote ci verses, a form of poetry meant to be sung and accompanied by instruments such as pipa. Exploiting the sound of the open strings increases the overall sounds volume. Japanese and foreign musicians alike have begun embracing traditional Japanese instruments, particularly the biwa, in their compositions. There are some confusions and disagreements about the origin of pipa. The plectrum is usually made from rosewood with boxwood or ivory tips for plucking the strings. The wu style was associated more with the Northern school while the wen style was more the Southern school. There is also evidence that other biwa instruments came from the Indian lute tradition. Another often-used technique is rubbing the long side of the bachi on the strings to get wind-like sounds. 3 (Winter, 19771978). 38.5 in. [21] During this time, Persian and Kuchan performers and teachers were in demand in the capital, Chang'an (which had a large Persian community). The pear-shaped instrument may have existed in China as early as the Han dynasty, and although historically the term pipa was once used to refer to a variety of plucked chordophones, its usage since the Song dynasty refers exclusively to the pear-shaped instrument. During the Qing dynasty, apart from those of the various schools previously mentioned, there was Chen Zijing (), a student of Ju Shilin and known as a noted player during the late Qing dynasty. Omissions? Seeing its relative convenience and portability, the monks combined these features with their large and heavy gaku-biwa to create the heike-biwa, which, as indicated by its namesake, was used primarily for recitations of The Tale of the Heike. As one of the modern types of biwa that flourished in the late 19, centuries, Satsuma-biwa is widely played today in various settings, including popular media. Biwa (Japanese instrument) - MIT Global Shakespeares Biwa (Japanese instrument) The Biwa is a Japanese teardrop lute, similar to the lute and the oud, with a short neck and frets. The full vibrating lengths of the strings, the distance between their bend over the nut and the knots that secure their lower ends to the string holder, are all 27.7 inches. Shakuhachi One of the most popular traditional Japanese wind instruments is the shakuhachi. She lives in San Diego, California and works extensively with Chinese, cross-cultural, new music, and jazz groups. 36 1/2 7 7/8 5 in. Its boxwood plectrum is much wider than others, often reaching widths of 25cm (9.8in) or more. Region: East Asia. When two strings are plucked at the same time with the index finger and thumb (i.e. All rights reserved. These monophonic do not follow a set harmony. Carlo Forlivesi's compositions Boethius () and Nuove Musiche per Biwa () were both written for performance on the satsuma-biwa designed by Tsuruta and Tanaka. Liu Dehai (19372020), also born in Shanghai, was a student of Lin Shicheng and in 1961 graduated from the Central Conservatory of Music in Beijing. Yo-sen has 2 tones regarded as auxiliary tones. Since biwa pieces were generally performed for small groups, singers did not need to project their voices as opera singers did in Western music tradition.
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