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Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and . This was an important symbolic gesture, which angered Philip II. - Significant political threat as her legitimacy and gender led to people not accepting her as queen. The loss of ships, weapons and supplies were proving incredibly costly for Spain as these needed to be replaced and obtaining fresh supplies put a strain on Spains finances. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. More significantly, she was worried she would have to adopt a secondary role in the running of her country, as the period was very patriarchal. There was broad support for the new Settlement and very few refused to take the oath of loyalty to the queen. GCSE: Early Elizabethan England (1558-88) - Tutor2u The Armada set sail in May 1588, but due to bad weather and attempts by an English fleet to intercept it, was delayed for several weeks in the Bay of Biscay. Elizabeth I | Hampton Court Palace | Historic Royal Palaces Spains forces in the Netherlands mutinied (as they hadnt been paid by the now bankrupt Spanish government). Insolvency therefore limited the choices of the new Queen and instantly undermined her power. Drake knew he wasnt able to attack this port with any realistic hope of success. Moreover, to raise money Elizabeth would have to make the immediately-unpopular decision of raising taxes, the permission for which would need to be granted by parliament (which, in turn, could then make further demands on Elizabeth). Born 7th September 1533 , Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Italian bankers from Genoa had lent Philip II money to fund his campaign in the Netherlands (which was trying to put down the Dutch Revolt). This partly explained why harsher treatment of Catholics occurred soon after, led by the Council of the North. Phillip II of Spain was reluctant to destroy his alliance with Elizabeth and therefore his support for the plots were heart-hearted. Financial Weakness She was 300,000 in debt. In 1571, he developed a plot to overthrow Elizabeth using his Catholic contacts in England and Europe. The conspirators including Babington were all. Foreign prince candinates would all be Catholic. Elizabeth was inheriting a terrible situation, which she had to sort out. What happened to Elizabeth I in 1554? - Answers Learning of the Spanish plans to build an Armada and invade England, Drakes mission was to try and stop this. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Elizabeth's Legitimacy | History | tutor2u Why was France a threat? Spain had colonies in North and South America and Englands trade with them was very profitable, but foreigners needed a license to trade there. Overall then, despite the question of legitimacy being extremely important due to the fact that Elizabeth could not count on the support of many English Catholics and the fact that it allowed a rival in Scotland to have claims to the throne, the immediate concerns of Elizabeth were of a more practical nature. Religion was the most serious problem facing Elizabeth in 1558? How far 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Native American hostility occurred from the start, however. PPTX What problems did Elizabeth I face when she became Queen in 1558? Elizabeth hesitated for several months, however, eventually signed Marys death warrant. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. What Problems Did Elizabeth Face in 1558? - 844 Words | Studymode Approximately 30 ships were destroyed and tonnes of supplies were also seized including food and weapons. I think I'm about to officially choose the Uni im going to but I'm not 100% sur, HELP, Official Imperial College 2023 Undergraduate Applicants Thread, Official Cambridge Postgraduate Applicants 2023 Thread, Plucking Serene Dreams From Golden Trees. Their complete failure effectively ended any threat Spain posed to the English. In April 1587, Drake sailed to Cadiz and began attacking the anchored ships there. Spymaster and Secretary of State from 1573 Francis Walsingham uncovered the plot. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation. Cleopatra, Queen Victoria and many more. No Payment details required and completelyRisk Free. John White led another group to Roanoke, 3 years after the attempt to colonise it. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st point + explanation. Company Reg no: 04489574. In 1587, Sir Francis Drake attacked the Spanish port of Cadiz in what would become known as the Singeing of the King of Spains beard. Also, the activities of English pirates', who looted Spanish ships, caused problems between Spain and England. Not many Englishmen were granted licenses and therefore Elizabeth would encourage privateers, men who sailed their own ships, to trade illegally with the Spanish colonies. threats did Elizabeth face in 1558? - Quite a significant political threat as both France and Spain had the power to invade England. Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland was part of the rebellion against Queen Elizabeth. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). She replaced her Catholic half-sister Mary, who died childless. The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. These ensured the plots were uncovered before they could be fully developed. The Act of Supremacy The queen's reassertion of control over religious matters was achieved via the April 1559 CE Act of Supremacy, once more closing the door on the Pope. Norfolk was also expected to marry Mary. She pledged to finance an army of 7,400 English troops and placed Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in charge of them. Francis Drake is knighted on the Golden Hind. In 1595 Elizabeth had to deal with a rebellion in Ireland led by Tyrone and O'Donnell. The lack of money was problematic because it meant England was potentially vulnerable to attack (and Elizabeth had no means by which to defend the country militarily). Elizabeth was in debt, she was unmarried and therefore had no alliances to help her counter the Auld Alliance (which would have been a concern even if Mary Queen of Scots and Prince Francis were not married and even if Mary had no claim to the throne). English exports to Europe were vital to the English economy and reached the European market via the Dutch ports, particularly Antwerp. During Drakes raid, he captured more than 1000 tons of planks made from seasoned wood, which was needed to make the barrels used to carry food and water. Edward was born on 12 October 1537 in his mother's room inside Hampton Court Palace, in Middlesex. West Yorkshire, Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17th November 1558 to 24th March 1603. Challenges to Elizabeth's rule - Edexcel - BBC Bitesize Elizabeth had given financial help to the rebels, however, remained reluctant to provoke King Phillip by getting directly involved. Mary served as a permanent reminder at home and abroad that there was a legitimate Catholic heir to the throne and, with the Popes blessing, willing Catholic rebels could convince themselves they were doing Gods work. Why didn't Mary and Francis have a child? - coalitionbrewing.com Challenges To Elizabeth At Home And Abroad - Learndojo.org . James also pledged to help Elizabeth if invaded. 214 High Street, While a baby is born at various points throughout the show, Francis is not its father. He plotted a Spanish invasion of England, which would involve the killing of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. Elizabeth I: Facts About The 'Virgin Queen', Daughter Of Anne Boleyn He was younger than Elizabeth but their union was based on a mutual need for France and England to form an alliance. When Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, she inherited a difficult financial situation and a debt of 227,000. In 1565 the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire proposed that Elizabeth marry Archduke Charles of Austria. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Spain did not control a deep water port where the Armada could anchor safely and this left them extremely vulnerable to an attack while it waited for Parmas troops to escape the Dutch blockade. However, the Catholic Church bans divorce which presented a problem for Henry as he could not legally get rid of Catherine. The English navy attempted some minor raids but they were largely ineffective as only 2 Spanish ships were lost, and these were by accident. "The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child that I have ever seen," King Henry II of France proclaimed soon after meeting his new charge (Mary of Guise had stayed in Scotland to rule . Before she came to the throne her mother Mary of Guise ruled Scotland while she remained in France married to the French prince Francis. Spouse: None. Mary was spared. This aimed to ensure poor relief was collected. This interference greatly angered the Spanish and provoked the ire of many Catholics, who now no longer saw Elizabeth as a mediator of the status quo, but as an interfering, troublesome monarch. Who was Queen Elizabeth enemies? - idswater.com However, the settlement was abandoned and no trace of the colonists was ever found. The early Tudors, 1485-1558 | Institute of Continuing Education (ICE) It had to deal with Irish . How To Revise For GCSE Psychology Step-by-Step, Chapter 3:Elizabethan society in the Age of Exploration, 155888. First English colony in Virginia established. Walsingham had established a large spy network and was able to intercept letters of Catholic conspirators and work with an expert cryptographer to decode them. Elizabeth's legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. The reasons for, and significance of, the Revolt of the Northern Earls, 156970. William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley | English statesman The Ridolfi Plot of 1571 and later the Throckmorton and Babington Plots, of 1583 and 1586 respectively, all involved the aim of placing Mary on the throne. Norfolk was killed in 1572. The Spanish invasion didnt go according to plan when the Spanish Armada was launched in 1588. Instead, her goal was to ensure freedom of worship for Dutch Protestants and protect Englands Military, commercial and strategic interests listed above. In January 1558, the french conquered Calais, England's last remaining territory on the European mainland. As these privateers were supposedly independent, Elizabeth could deny any responsibility for the activities and this helped to prevent open conflict with King Phillip and Spain directly. This included: 1) the Act of Supremacy which stated that Elizabeth was Head of the Church, 2) the Act of Uniformity which set out expectations for church appearances and church services and 3) Royal Injunctions a set of instructions reinforcing the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. [This summary of factors helps re- establish conceptual focus]. Even though a truce was decided, there was still a constant threat from the Scots and French to the English security . Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. However, the Privy Council had put huge pressure on Elizabeth to marry and urged her to take a husband in late 1559, which suggests that the Privy Council would have agreed on a suitor had there been someone suitable as they realised the importance of securing a Protestant English throne and the Tudor dynasty, and perhaps it was this lack of a suitable suitor that caused Elizabeth to remain . To her credit, when Elizabeth died in 1603, the nation was only in debt to the tune of 350,000 - 123,000 more than in 1558, but spread over the duration of her reign, this represented just under 3,000 a year. Te Deums were sung in churches, bonfires lit, and "their was shott at the Tower that night above two thousand . In 1558, England lost its final possession - the port of Calais - in France. France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. Foreign Policy 1553 to 1558 - History Learning Site How significant was the threat to Elizabeth I, posed by her Roman Catholic subjects in the years 1558-1588? The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots eventually took place on 8th February 1587. The plan was that 130 ships (equipped with 2431 guns) would sail along the Channel to the Netherlands, where they would pick up 27,000 troops, led by the Duke of Parma. From 1566 the Pope had instructed English Catholics to take part in recusancy, and by 1570 a Papal Bull had been issued excommunicating Elizabeth and stating that English Catholics had no need to have loyalty towards their Queen and instead should help overthrow her. After inheriting the throne from her sister Mary I, Elizabeth was 300,000 in debt. In October 1586, Mary was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. After his successful raid on Cadiz, Drake sailed along the coast of Portugal and Spain, seizing Spanish ships and destroying supplies that were being sent to Lisbon for the Armada. These privateers also raided Spanish ships and attacked the treasure fleets that carried gold and silver from the Americas to Spain. From 1574, with the help of the Pope, Catholic priests were also being smuggled into England to continue the spread of the Catholic faith. However, the Act also established a national poor rate, made JPs (Justices of the Peace) keep registers of the poor and gave towns and cities the responsibility to find work for the able-bodied poor. This was because the society was very patriarchal, male dominated, meaning that she . to answer the Section Focus Question: Mary | Biography & Facts | Britannica As such, I disagree with the statement. Elizabeth, however, did not sign the death warrant until February 1587. - Financial issues may have led to her loosing powerful allies as she could not give important people grant patronages. Level 4 is about analysis supported by a detailed line of reasoning, so embracing counter-arguments like this are encouraged (so long as they can be explained).]. In 1569, one of the wealthiest landowners in England, the Duke of Norfolk concocted a plan to marry Mary, Queen of Scots and have her recognised as Elizabeths heir. The use of fireships by the British exposed this weakness. When Mary eventually gets pregnant, Francis is initially . [Blog], Medicine Community Feedback and Suggestions, 2023 entry A100 / A101 Medicine fastest and slowest offer senders, Borders & Enforcement, Immigration Enforcement - Immigration Officer June 22, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread. At the beginning of her reign, an obvious candidate for Elizabeth to marry was her half sister's widow, Phillip of Spain. By the 1580s, the relationship between England and Spain was at its lowest point and the tension was at boiling point. Henry himself gave people cause . The Catholic threat Many Catholics in England were not happy with Elizabeth's Settlement. In the eyes of the Church of England, Henry and Catherine were divorced and then Henry could marry Anne. This Papal Bull meant that the loyalty of English Catholics towards Elizabeth was now always in doubt and placed a wedge between the English Catholics monarch and their faith. PDF Paper 2: Early Elizabethan England 1558-88 - Oasis Academy South Bank The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. With the seemingly imminent war between Spain only a matter of time, Elizabeth was determined to rid England of the enemy within. Spanish invasion plans. 1559 - cateau cambresis, menacing position of french in scotland. This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. John White (another leading colonist) sailed back to England to report on the problems being experienced. Naval support by the English proved to be more effective for the Dutch rebels and a fleet of English ships patrolled the Dutch coastline to prevent the Spanish from landing some of their forces by sea. English canons could also be reloaded more quickly than the Spanish ones allowing them to inflict greater damage. Babington and other known plotters were hanged, drawn and quartered. Why was the throckmorton plot a threat to elizabeth 12 marker? The Student Room and The Uni Guide are both part of The Student Room Group. He even came to England to meet Elizabeth and she even announced before some of her courtiers that she would marry him. Northern Rebellion led by Earl of Westmorland. Philip II and the Pope supported the plot that would involve the invasion of England by the Duke of Guise. [Referencing this date is very good, because it demonstrates to the examiner awareness of WHY the question includes this date in the first place. VAT reg no 816865400. This issue of divorce creates problems for Catholics. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Elizabeth had taken the decision to arrest any Catholic bishops that did not accept her authority as sovereign over them. The Armada sailed up the Channel in a defensive crescent formation which used the large armed galleons to protect the weaker supply ships and infantry ships. [A clear summary of the arguments, once more making the link between Mary, the Pope and Catholic interference.]. This was seen as a huge blow for English pride as England had territory in France for hundreds of years. Drake also managed to capture a Spanish ship called the. When Elizabeth I acquired the English throne in 1558, many believed due to the religious decisions of her predecessors, dating back to Henry VIII's reign, Elizabeth had inherited a country that was predominantly Catholic in belief. In 1568, a final blow came when some Spanish ships were blown off course into English waters, and the English seized them. What made the Auld Alliance stronger at this time was the fact that Mary, Queen of Scots was married to the French Prince Francis II. A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. In 1560, Scotland was ruled by Elizabeth's cousin called Mary Queen of Scots (MQS). The negotiations dragged on for four years with Elizabeth never giving a firm answer and Charles refusing to give up his Catholic faith. This forced the Spanish fleet to travel into the dangerous waters off the Scottish and Irish coasts. The threat of France to Elizabeth's rule - BBC Bitesize This established a new Anglo-Scottish peace and also reconfirmed the agreement at Cateau-Cambresis. How successful was Elizabeth I in dealing with foreign policy - StudyMode Sir Francis Drake was a leading privateer and responsible for leading several expeditions into the New World in the late 1560s and 1570s.
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