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Which of the following is true regarding patient adherence: d - all of the above (a - the average adherence rate for taking medication to treat acute illness is about 67%, b - adherence to taking medicine . There are now several synthetic versions of opiate drugs (correctly called opioids) that have very potent painkilling effects, and they are often abused. The brain waves associated with this stage of sleep are very similar to those observed when a person is awake, as shown inFigure 4.11, and this is the period of sleep in which dreaming occurs. Caffeine is an adenosine antagonist, so caffeine inhibits the adenosine receptors, thus decreasing sleepiness and promoting wakefulness. (Jayanthi & Ramamoorthy, 2005; Rothman, Blough, & Baumann, 2007). The participant is made comfortable and is directed to be relaxed and sleepy. Sleep is also associated with the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones from several endocrine glands including: melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). (West et al., 2009, p. 114). Some people might turn to over-the-counter (OTC) or prescribed sleep medications to help them sleep, but this should be done sparingly because many sleep medications result in dependence and alter the nature of the sleep cycle, and they can increase insomnia over time. This pattern of brain wave activity resembles that of someone who is very relaxed, yet awake. Why do we devote so much time to sleeping? You have read that the pineal gland releases melatonin during sleep (Figure 4.6). He suffered from no apparent anatomical brain anomalies or psychological disorders. That includes exercise and bright light from devices. This is known as the REM rebound, and it suggests that REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated. For example, most people sleep during the night and are awake during the day. These will soon, in all ordinary cases, subdue the most distressing symptoms, and effect a perfect cure in a day or two. Homeostatic regulation of sleep is evidenced by sleep rebound following sleep deprivation. Freud was not the only theorist to focus on the content of dreams. For instance, some people would say they are morning people, while others would consider themselves to be night owls. Many of these processes, like much of psychological behavior, are rooted in our biology. People who suffer from insomnia might limit their use of stimulant drugs (such as caffeine) or increase their amount of physical exercise during the day. Again, this is an intuitive and appealing explanation for why we sleep. These symptoms usually are opposite of the effects of the drug. High doses of MDMA can cause brain toxicity and death. c. are influenced by peer pressure, often leading to unhealthful or unsafe behaviors. These synthetic drugs are so potent that even small doses can cause overdose and death. Signs and Symptoms | Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever | CDC Elements that are known to make PTSD more likely are the following: Perceived life threat Personal injury Interpersonal violence, particularly perpetrated by a caregiver Past and present vulnerability, including genetics, childhood trauma, insufficient emotional support, concurrent causes of stress Example: Childhood abuse and rape Generally, narcolepsy is treated using psychomotor stimulant drugs, such as amphetamines (Mignot, 2012). Aside from the role that REM sleep may play in processes related to learning and memory, REM sleep may also be involved in emotional processing and regulation. Clonazepam, an anti-anxiety medication with sedative properties, is most often used to treat RBD. Like all opioids, codeine does have abuse potential. Surprisingly, sleep apnea may exacerbate cardiovascular disease (Snchez-de-la-Torre, Campos-Rodriguez, & Barb, 2012). Following the initial rush, users experience 46 hours of going on the nod, alternating between conscious and semiconscious states. Marijuana, LSD, Peyote, mescaline, DMT, dissociative anesthetics including ketamine and PCP, Increased heart rate and blood pressure that may dissipate over time, Mild to intense perceptual changes with high variability in effects based on strain, method of ingestion, and individual differences, Understand what is meant by consciousness, Explain how circadian rhythms are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, and how circadian cycles can be disrupted, Describe areas of the brain involved in sleep, Understand hormone secretions associated with sleep, Describe several theories aimed at explaining the function of sleep, Differentiate between REM and non-REM sleep, Describe the differences between the three stages of non-REM sleep, Understand the role that REM and non-REM sleep play in learning and memory, Describe the symptoms and treatments of insomnia, Recognize the symptoms of several parasomnias, Describe the symptoms and treatments for sleep apnea, Recognize risk factors associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and steps to prevent it, Describe the symptoms and treatments for narcolepsy. The brain waves associated with REM sleep, outlined in the red box in (a), look very similar to those seen (b) during wakefulness. You have read that sleep is distinguished by low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness. Individuals who do rotating shift work are also likely to experience disruptions in circadian cycles. Other drugs, including the opioid buprenorphine, have also been used to alleviate symptoms of opiate withdrawal. This can lead to people compulsively using stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines, in part to try to reestablish the persons physical and psychological pre-use baseline. Lucid dreamsare dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state. There may also be differences in both brain structure and function in infants that die from SIDS (Berkowitz, 2012; Mage & Donner, 2006; Thach, 2005). Originally reported as a safe alternative to the known cancer-causing agents found in cigarettes, vaping is now known to be very dangerous and has led to serious lung disease and death in users. High doses can cause death due to respiratory depression. For example, body temperature fluctuates cyclically over a 24-hour period (Figure 4.2). They named each of the three states: "Close," when a male is closer than average to a female and approaching her slowly; "Chasing," when he is approaching quickly; and "Whatever," when he is facing away from her and moving slowly. Interestingly, individuals who have increased levels of alpha brain wave activity (more often associated with wakefulness and transition into stage 1 sleep) during stage 3 often report that they do not feel refreshed upon waking, regardless of how long they slept (Stone, Taylor, McCrae, Kalsekar, & Lichstein, 2008). How does hypnosis work? When people have difficulty getting sleep due to their work or the demands of day-to-day life, they accumulate a sleep debt. Given the average life expectancy for U.S. citizens falls between 73 and 79 years old (Singh & Siahpush, 2006), we can expect to spend approximately 25 years of our lives sleeping. A neighbor called the police after witnessing Falater standing over his wifes body before dragging her into the pool. Generally, alcohol is associated with decreases in reaction time and visual acuity, lowered levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control. Opium, Heroin, Fentanyl, Morphine, Oxycodone, Vicoden, methadone, and other prescription pain relievers, Decreased pain, pupil dilation, decreased gut motility, decreased respiratory function. Nicotine exerts its effects through its interaction with acetylcholine receptors. Psychological dependence, or drug craving, is a recent addition to the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder in DSM-5. Large-scale public health campaigns by the National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of Drug Abuse have led to recent declines in the opioid crisis. Test 3 (Chapter 8) Flashcards | Quizlet Methamphetamine in its smokable form, often called crystal meth due to its resemblance to rock crystal formations, is highly addictive. Freud made distinctions between the manifest content and the latent content of dreams. Depletion of certain neurotransmitters can lead to mood dysphoria, cognitive problems, and other factors. Two theories attempt to answer this question: One theory views hypnosis as dissociation and the other theory views it as the performance of a social role. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Symptoms) | Center for the Treatment Our experiences change dramatically while we are in deep sleep and once again when we are dreaming. Avoid anything stimulating for an hour before bed. Users experience increased energy, feelings of pleasure, and emotional warmth. The average EVD case fatality rate is around 50%. Awareness of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. In addition to withdrawal, many individuals who are diagnosed with substance use disorders will also develop tolerance to these substances. It is relatively easy to wake someone from stage 1 sleep; in fact, people often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage 1 sleep. Sleep-wake cycles seem to be controlled by multiple brain areas acting in conjunction with one another. 1. The 20th century Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung believed that dreams allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious. However, alternative treatment options are being explored because consistent compliance by users of CPAP devices is a problem. These behaviors vary widely, but they can include kicking, punching, scratching, yelling, and behaving like an animal that has been frightened or attacked. Some view a hypnotized persons behavior not as an altered or dissociated state of consciousness, but as their fulfillment of the social expectations for that role (Coe, 2009; Coe & Sarbin, 1966). Sleep debt and sleep deprivation have significant negative psychological and physiological consequencesFigure 4.5. Nasal Congestion: Symptoms, Signs, Causes & Treatment - MedicineNet Historically, heroin has been a major opioid drug of abuse (Figure 4.17). Often, we are not completely aware of our surroundings, even when we are fully awake. It may surprise you to know that sleep deprivation is associated with obesity, increased blood pressure, increased levels of stress hormones, and reduced immune functioning (Banks & Dinges, 2007). This chapter will discuss states of consciousness with a particular emphasis on sleep. This is similar to the kind of paralysis experienced by healthy individuals during REM sleep (Burgess & Scammell, 2012; Hishikawa & Shimizu, 1995; Luppi et al., 2011). Cognitive-behavioral therapyis a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors. Body temperature rises throughout the waking day, peaking in the afternoon, and falls during sleep with the lowest point occurring during the very early morning hours. c. Physiologically, the body can become addicted to opiate drugs in less than a week, including when taken as prescribed. A person withrestless leg syndromehas uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep. While amphetamines are often abused, they are also commonly prescribed to children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Delusions. Understanding the impact of sleep on cognitive function should help you understand that cramming all night for a test may be not effective and can even prove counterproductive. If you lie down to take a nap and fall asleep very easily, chances are you may have sleep debt. These sleep episodes are often associated withcataplexy, which is a lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases involves complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles. Rotating shift work has pervasive effects on the lives and experiences of individuals engaged in that kind of work, which is clearly illustrated in stories reported in a qualitative study that researched the experiences of middle-aged nurses who worked rotating shifts (West, Boughton & Byrnes, 2009). Consider a patient who believed that as a result of his sleep apnea he had three car accidents in six weeks. It is not uncommon for people suffering from undiagnosed or untreated sleep apnea to fear that their careers will be affected by the lack of sleep, illustrated by this statement from another patient, Im in a job where theres a premium on being mentally alert. In her case, the fact that her cataplexy was confined to the right side of her body was quite unusual. Narcoleptic episodes take on other features of REM sleep. In general, smoking cessation programs may be effective in the short term, but it is unclear whether these effects persist (Cropley, Theadom, Pravettoni, & Webb, 2008; Levitt, Shaw, Wong, & Kaczorowski, 2007; Smedslund, Fisher, Boles, & Lichtenstein, 2004). Increased prescriptions led to greater rates of misuse, along with greater incidence of addiction, even among patients who used these drugs as prescribed. During this time, there is a slowdown in both the rates of respiration and heartbeat. PSY-352 Health Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet In our discussion of the mental symptoms I reported as an illustration of the suggestive treatment of the drug passion the case of a morphinist. The Safe to Sleep campaign educates the public about how to minimize risk factors associated with SIDS. Describe the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders, Identify the neurotransmitter systems impacted by various categories of drugs, Describe how different categories of drugs affect behavior and experience, Understand the similarities and differences of hypnosis and meditation. Psychology 2e by Openstax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. One important regulator of sleep-wake cycles is the hormonemelatonin. It is much more difficult to awaken someone from sleep during stage 3 than during earlier stages. Aside from their utility as analgesic drugs, opioid-like compounds are often found in cough suppressants, anti-nausea, and anti-diarrhea medications. However, when a stimulant drug was used in conjunction with a popular antidepressant, her condition improved dramatically. Natural opioids, calledopiates, are derivatives of opium, which is a naturally occurring compound found in the poppy plant. Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. the ability to spend time, good time with them when youre not feeling absolutely exhausted . Adenosine is a neurotransmitter that promotes sleep. Alertness is associated with higher body temperatures, and sleepiness with lower body temperatures. Physical dependenceinvolves changes in normal bodily functionsthe user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use. Heroin produces intense feelings of euphoria and pleasure, which are amplified when the heroin is injected intravenously. A) a mole that looks cancerous B) nasal congestion C) change in heart rate D) issues with breathing Which of the following American health care systems is most known for requiring a referral from a primary care doctor in order to see a specialist? The different stages of sleep will be identified, and sleep disorders will be described. It is not uncommon for people suffering from insomnia to experience increased levels of anxiety about their inability to fall asleep. If someone stays awake for 48 consecutive hours, they could start to hallucinate. Chronic insomnia is almost always associated with feeling overtired and may be associated with symptoms of depression. 3. A few such benefits listed by the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) include maintaining healthy weight, lowering stress levels, improving mood, and increasing motor coordination, as well as a number of benefits related to cognition and memory formation. It is typically consumed in pill form. In 2015, the National Sleep Foundation updated their sleep duration hours, to better accommodate individual differences. Some of these approaches, such as using a bright light as shown inFigure 4.4, have been shown to alleviate some of the problems experienced by individuals suffering from jet lag or from the consequences of rotating shift work. While hypnosis is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform meditation alone. D) the demographic characteristics of the person C) the severity and duration of the problem. In addition, these drugs can cause feelings of anxiety, hallucinations, and paranoia (Fiorentini et al., 2011). Narcolepsy is associated with reduced levels of the signaling molecule hypocretin in some areas of the brain (De la Herrn-Arita & Drucker-Coln, 2012; Han, 2012), and the traditional stimulant drugs do not have direct effects on this system. For example, the National Institutes of Drug Abuse has sponsored research that suggests the misuse and abuse of the prescription pain killers hydrocodone and oxycodone are significant public health concerns (Maxwell, 2006). Quiz 1.docx - PSY-352 Health Psychology Quiz 1 Complete the following For example, a person may work from 7:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. on Monday, 3:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. on Tuesday, and 11:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. on Wednesday. There is quite a bit of controversy within the scientific community as to the extent to which marijuana might have medicinal benefits due to a lack of large-scale, controlled research (Bostwick, 2012).
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