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Pacor, P., Heats of combustion and formation at 25C of the alkylbenzenes through C10H14, and of the higher normal monoalkylbenzenes, Uchebn. Benzene should NOT be used at all unless no safer alternatives are available. Benzene (data page) - Wikipedia Recovery of the aromatics, commonly referred to as BTX (benzene, toluene and xylene isomers), involves such extraction and distillation steps. Google use cookies for serving our ads and handling visitor statistics. Engineering ToolBox - Resources, Tools and Basic Information for Engineering and Design of Technical Applications! [49] In 1870, the German chemist Viktor Meyer first applied Grbe's nomenclature to benzene.[50]. Specific heat of benzene= 1.80 . Benzene, also commonly known as benzol, is a colorless liquid with a sweet pungent odor. Report I. reddens or appears damaged, call for medical aid. (TLV) for benzene to 0.02 ppm and reduce the 15 . Die specifische Wrme flssiger organischer Verbindungen und ihre Beziehung zu deren Moleculargewicht, Today, most benzene comes from the petrochemical industry, with only a small fraction being produced from coal. III. ; Gruber, K.; Pereira, J.F. [44][45] Using large crystals of hexamethylbenzene, a benzene derivative with the same core of six carbon atoms, Lonsdale obtained diffraction patterns. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST Soc., 1948, 70, 1502-1505. Thermochim. Replacement of a second CH bond with N gives, depending on the location of the second N, pyridazine, pyrimidine, or pyrazine. Hence the specific heat of benzene = 1716.475 J/kg.C. Phenol and halobenzenes can be reduced with metals. If the sample is heated at constant pressure (P = 1 atm), calculate the amount of energy in kJ needed to raise the temperature of the sample to 102.70 C. Khim., 1947, 17, 1999-2003. ; Nagano, Y., Ferguson, A.; Miller, J.T., 2. [38] Kekul's symmetrical ring could explain these curious facts, as well as benzene's 1:1 carbon-hydrogen ratio. Data, 1986, 31, 238-240. The specific heat transfer area is 109.46 m 2 per (kg/s) of fresh water and the heat transfer area of the distillate preheater is 200 m 2. Kolosovskii, N.A. In another human study, 30% of absorbed dermally applied benzene, which is primarily metabolized in the liver, was excreted as phenol in the urine. The Cl , Br and CN nucleophiles can easily be introduced in the benzene ring of benzene diazonium salt in the presence of Cu(I) ion. J. Chem. Excess volumes and excess heat capacities of tetrachloroethene + cyclohexane, + methylcyclohexane, + benzene, and + toluene at 298.15 K, The specific heat capacity is the heat or energy required to change one unit mass of a substance of a constant volume by 1 C. Zhur. II., Technology, Office of Data [57] The molecular orbital description involves the formation of three delocalized orbitals spanning all six carbon atoms, while the valence bond description involves a superposition of resonance structures. Benzene - PubChem Excess heat capacities for mixtures of benzene with cyclopentane, methylcyclohexane, and cyclooctane at 298.15 K, Measurement of the heat capacity of a small volume of liquid by the piezo-thermometric method. Huffman, H.M.; Parks, G.S. The risk from exposure to 1 ppm for a working lifetime has been estimated as 5 excess leukemia deaths per 1,000 employees exposed. 1 C H vap (80. (1-Ethylpropyl)benzene 1196-58-3 | Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.(APAC) [17] Kekul's 1890 speech[41] in which this anecdote appeared has been translated into English. Study of the heat capacity of selected solvents, Contact China Manufactory Wuhan Kaimubuke Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd for the product BERYLLIUM CHLORIDE. Chapter 13 Liquids and Solids - Texas A&M University Benzene - Density and Specific Weight vs. Landrieu, P.; Baylocq, F.; Johnson, J.R., J. Chem. [all data], Atalla, El-Sharkawy, et al., 1981 Chem. After exposure to 63 to 405mg/m3 of benzene for 1 to 5 hours, 51 to 87% was excreted in the urine as phenol over a period of 23 to 50 hours. [all data], Gorbunova, Simonov, et al., 1983 Benzene has 6 hydrogen atoms, fewer than the corresponding parent alkane, hexane, which has 14. Ber. Molar heat capacities and isothermal compressibility of binary liquid mixtures: carbon tetrachloride + benzene, carbon tetrachloride + cyclohexane and benzene + cyclohexane, National Institutes of Health. The reaction involves the acylation of benzene (or many other aromatic rings) with an acyl chloride using a strong Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminium chloride or Iron(III) chloride. In particular, acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (AML & ANLL) is caused by benzene. Bull. The thermal analysis clearly ensures the enhancement in case of benzene added water upward spray, and the achieved average heat flux is 1.78 MW m 2. All rights reserved. CAS RN. Kalali, H.; Kohler, F.; Svejda, P., [all data], Gorbunova, Grigoriev, et al., 1982 Specific heat of ethyl alcohol= 2.44 . Specific heat of Benzene Gas - C6H6 - at temperatures ranging 250 - 900 K: Add standard and customized parametric components - like flange beams, lumbers, piping, stairs and more - to your Sketchup model with the Engineering ToolBox - SketchUp Extension - enabled for use with the amazing, fun and free SketchUp Make and SketchUp Pro .Add the Engineering ToolBox extension to your SketchUp from the SketchUp Pro Sketchup Extension Warehouse! [106], The Nazis used benzene administered via injection as one of their many methods for killing. Sci. The proportionality constant c is sometimes referred to as the specific heat capacity or (incorrectly) the heat capacity. [all data], Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, References. [all data], Fiock, Ginnings, et al., 1931 Temperature and Pressure - Online calculator, figures and table showing density and specific weight of benzene, C 6 H 6, at temperatures ranging from 5 to 325 C (42 to 620 F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units. Naziev, Ya.M. Excess volumes and excess heat capacities of 2,3-dimethylbutane + butane and + toluene, Through calculating more than thirty parameters, Lonsdale demonstrated that the benzene ring could not be anything but a flat hexagon, and provided accurate distances for all carbon-carbon bonds in the molecule. Bunsenges. FOIA. 14.3 g What is the oxidation number of carbon in C2O4? in 1869, first used the prefixes ortho-, meta-, para- to denote specific relative locations of the substituents on a di-substituted aromatic ring (viz, naphthalene). Pyrolysis gasoline can be blended with other hydrocarbons as a gasoline additive, or routed through an extraction process to recover BTX aromatics (benzene, toluene and xylenes). ; Badalov, Yu.A., [all data], Zhdanov, 1941 [all data], Prosen, Johnson, et al., 1946 Benzene production is currently expanding in the Middle East and in Africa, whereas production capacities in Western Europe and North America are stagnating. What is the specific heat of benzene? - displaypointer.com The two were allowed to come to thermal equilibrium and the final temperature was 24.1C. Except where noted otherwise, data relate to, This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 04:18. Williams, J.W. Hyder Khan, V.; Subrahmanyam, S.V., . Specific heats of some liquids and azeotropic mixtures, [68] European petrol specifications now contain the same 1% limit on benzene content. Steam cracking is the process for producing ethylene and other alkenes from aliphatic hydrocarbons. Aoyama, S.; Kanda, E., Hydroquinone, benzenetriol and catechol are converted to polyphenols. . Excess heat capacities for mixture of benzene with n-heptane at 293.15, 298.15 and 303.15 K, It found that four contained benzene levels above World Health Organization limits. Risk of ignition. In this hydrogen-intensive process, toluene is mixed with hydrogen, then passed over a chromium, molybdenum, or platinum oxide catalyst at 500650C and 2060 atm pressure. France, 1929, 45, 36-49. [17] Michael Faraday first isolated and identified benzene in 1825 from the oily residue derived from the production of illuminating gas, giving it the name bicarburet of hydrogen. Vesely, F.; Svoboda, V.; Pick, J., ; T = 9 to 80C, mean Cp, five temperatures. Rajagopal, E.; Subrahmanyam, S.V., Rastorguev, Yu.L. Copper standard solution,CAS Number:7440-50-8,Specification:50mL In March 2006, the official Food Standards Agency in United Kingdom conducted a survey of 150 brands of soft drinks. Chem., 1978, 82, 1282-1290. [all data], Willams and Daniels, 1924 CYP2E1 is involved at multiple steps: converting benzene to oxepin (benzene oxide), phenol to hydroquinone, and hydroquinone to both benzenetriol and catechol. [42] If the anecdote is the memory of a real event, circumstances mentioned in the story suggest that it must have happened early in 1862. However, if heated it becomes a gas, and when cooled it becomes a solid. J. It is dangerous to try to dispose of benzene by washing it down a sink, since it is toxic, will cause environmental damage, and presents a fire risk. Soc., 1940, 62, 696-700. Carbon dioxide (CO2). The heat capacities, entropies and free energies of twelve aromatic hydrocarbons, Wear safety glasses and use protective gloves. This page provides supplementary chemical data on benzene. One way of understanding the carcinogenic effects of benzene is by examining the products of biological oxidation. Chem., 1948, 79, 162-177. [all data], Kurbatov, 1947 When plastic water pipes are subject to high heat, the water may be contaminated with benzene. Eng. Duff, G.M. NQ01 and GSH shift metabolism away from toxicity. Calorimetric determinations of thermal properties of methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, and benzene, Thermodynam., 1982, 14, 523-529. [all data], Ahlberg, Blanchard, et al., 1937 Chlorination is achieved with chlorine to give chlorobenzene in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminium tri-chloride. Title: Microsoft Word - 9701_s19_ms_41 Author: whitej Created Date: 8/6/2019 11:46:17 AM . Pure Benzene (C_6H_6) has a melting point of 5.5 degrees Celsius. Although of no commercial significance, many other routes to benzene exist. The discussed value is almost 1.3 times higher than the heat flux obtained in case quenching is conducted by downward spray. Chim., 1968, 16, 549-552. [1]24, 1935, 107-115. Heat capacity of benzene and of toluene from 8C. Have high density 4. Specific Heat Search. [all data], Ferguson and Miller, 1933 Organic Chemistry - Specific Name Reactions. Are fluid 5. Calorimetry (Lect. ; El-Sharkawy, A.A.; Gasser, F.A., Zur Thermodynamik von Mischphasen IX. Partial specific heat capacity of benzene and of toluene in aqueous Temperature and Pressure - Online calculator, figures and table showing density and specific weight of benzene, C 6 H 6, at temperatures ranging from 5 to 325 C (42 to 620 F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units. Solved The table shown here lists the specific heat of | Chegg.com and Informatics, Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, Electron-Impact Ionization Cross Sections (on physics web site), Computational Chemistry Comparison and Benchmark Database, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Database, version 4.1, NIST Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Structure Index, NIST / TRC Web Thermo Tables, "lite" edition (thermophysical and thermochemical data), NIST / TRC Web Thermo Tables, professional edition (thermophysical and thermochemical data). The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set a permissible exposure limit of 1 part of benzene per million parts of air (1 ppm) in the workplace during an 8-hour workday, 40-hour workweek. Organic Chemistry Named Reaction in Detail by Meritnation X-ray diffraction shows that all six carbon-carbon bonds in benzene are of the same length, at 140 picometres (pm). ; Wilhelm, E.; Hamedi, M.H., MSDS for benzene is available at AMOCO. Monatsh. This discovery led to the production of Sanka. Burlew, J.S., Consist of disordered clusters of particles that are quite close together; particles have random motions in three dimensions Solids 1. Examples of simple benzene derivatives are phenol, toluene, and aniline, abbreviated PhOH, PhMe, and PhNH2, respectively. Benzene is classified as a carcinogen, which increases the risk of cancer and other illnesses, and is also a notorious cause of bone marrow failure. To provide a mechanism for the conversion process, Kekul proposed that the valency of an atom is determined by the frequency with which it collided with its neighbors in a molecule. [all data], Aoyama and Kanda, 1935 ; Shipova, V.A., As benzene can cause cancer, NIOSH recommends that all workers wear special breathing equipment when they are likely to be exposed to benzene at levels exceeding the recommended (8-hour) exposure limit of 0.1 ppm.[84]. ; T = 293 to 323 K. Data calculated from equation. [88] The purpose of establishing an IDLH value is (1) to ensure that the worker can escape from a given contaminated environment in the event of failure of the respiratory protection equipment and (2) is considered a maximum level above which only a highly reliable breathing apparatus providing maximum worker protection is permitted. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure. Am. It is also used in water treatment chemicals, paper sizing, artificial sweeteners, flavor enhancers, cosmetics, and lubricants. ; Udowenko, W.W., Eng. [citation needed]. Have definite volume (are very slightly compressible) 3. The reaction of the diazonium compound derived from aniline with hypophosphorus acid gives benzene. [105] Benzene leaked into the Songhua River, which supplies drinking water to the city, after an explosion at a China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) factory in the city of Jilin on 13 November 2005. Because it contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms, benzene is classed as a hydrocarbon.[15]. Curr. "Zur Kenntnis der ungesttigen Verbindungen,", "Untersuchungen ber aromatische Verbindungen (Investigations of aromatic compounds)", "The Structure of the Benzene Ring in Hexamethylbenzene", "An X-Ray Analysis of the Structure of Hexachlorobenzene, Using the Fourier Method", "Meet Kathleen Lonsdale, the physicist and prison reformer who cracked benzene's code", "Faits pour servir la dtermination du lieu chimique dans la srie aromatique", "Untersuchungen ber die Constitution der zweifach-substituirten Benzole", "Life on Mars? ; Gilmont, R.; Rossini, F.D., [all data], Pacor, 1967 NBS, 1946, 36, 455-461. Soc., 1926, 48, 1274-1287. [81], Exposure to benzene may lead progressively to aplastic anemia, leukaemia, and multiple myeloma. Eng. ; Simonov, V.M. arrow_forward Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. Instead, retain in a safe place in the laboratory (well away from any source of ignition). The limit of the fusion process is the hydrogen-free allotrope of carbon, graphite. [all data], Swietoslawski and Zielenkiewicz, 1960 The specific heat of liquid water is 4.184 J/g C and the specific heat of steam is 1.99 J/g C. H vapof water = 40.8 kJ/mol. Solved For a given species, see the thermodynamic values | Chegg.com For commercial use, until World War II, much of benzene was obtained as a by-product of coke production (or "coke-oven light oil") for the steel industry. [all data], Maass and Walbauer, 1925 The phase diagram of benzene is shown below the table. In heterocycles, carbon atoms in the benzene ring are replaced with other elements. J. Chem. Lainez, A.; Rodrigo, M.M. We don't collect information from our users. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. The extraction step of aromatics from the reformate is designed to produce aromatics with lowest non-aromatic components. Zhur. The heat capacity, heat of fusion and entropy of benzene, [86] These legal limits were based on studies demonstrating compelling evidence of health risk to workers exposed to benzene. Maleic Anhydride Market by Raw Material (n-butane, Benzene Benzene and cyclohexane have a similar structure, only the ring of delocalized electrons and the loss of one hydrogen per carbon distinguishes it from cyclohexane. [all data], Rastorguev and Ganiev, 1967 You simply need a household iron to apply heat to loosen the adhesive and weaken the prints to get them out easily. Why is the liquid phase of water denser than the solid phase? Benzene causes cancer in animals including humans. ), 1977, C9-1-C9-4. With the global phaseout of leaded gasoline, benzene has made a comeback as a gasoline additive in some nations. Phys. NQ01 metabolizes benzoquinone toward polyphenols (counteracting the effect of MPO). Specific Heat of Liquids and Fluids - Glycerin Refinery Equipment Soc., 1925, 47, 1-9. J. The next year he published a much longer paper in German on the same subject. This is also used in SPECTROSCOPY, the science of analysing what something is made Continue Reading James Macklin [51], Trace amounts of benzene are found in petroleum and coal. Answered: The specific heat capacity of copper is | bartleby Whereas alkenes can be hydrogenated near room temperatures, benzene and related compounds are more reluctant substrates, requiring temperatures >100C. Benzene vapor is heavier than air. at 1 atm: botling point = 80. [75][95], Genetic polymorphisms in these enzymes may induce loss of function or gain of function. [9], 1919, 11, 253-291. J. Acad. The liquid product is 40.0 mole% B, and the vapor product is 68.4 mole% B. Linking benzene rings gives biphenyl, C6H5C6H5. The measurement of benzene in humans can be accomplished via urine, blood, and breath tests; however, all of these have their limitations because benzene is rapidly metabolized in the human body. Sulfonation of benzene involves the use of oleum, a mixture of sulfuric acid with sulfur trioxide. Cp values given for the pressure range 0.1 to 68.1 MPa. Combustible Gas Leak LEL Natural Gas Detector Methane Benzene Propane Alarm. Get the detailed answer: What is the specific heat of benzene? K) ..g (K) | 1 mol All you need to do is convert the grams to moles. Next, the diol is newly reduced by NADH to catechol. Individuals carrying variant of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), microsomal epoxide hydrolase (EPHX) and deletion of the glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) showed a greater frequency of DNA single-stranded breaks.[99]. Sci. Policies. Determination of excess heat capacities of (benzene + tetrachloromethane and + cyclohexane) between 293.15 and 303.15 K by use of a Picker flow calorimeter, It is produced by the oxidation of benzene or n-butane in the presence of vanadium oxide catalysts. Mesure des chaleurs specifique moleculaires de quelques liquides, Manufacture of some of these benzene-containing formulations ceased in about 1950, although Liquid Wrench continued to contain significant amounts of benzene until the late 1970s. [90] The NIOSH short-term exposure limit (STEL 15 min) is 1 ppm. A typical reaction yield exceeds 95%. Prosen, E.J. J. Chem. Zhur., 1986, 51(5), 789-795. The table shown here lists the specific heat of several substances The word "benzene" derives from "gum benzoin" (benzoin resin), an aromatic resin known since ancient times in Southeast Asia; and later to European pharmacists and perfumers in the 16th century via trade routes. [58][59][60][61] It is likely that this stability contributes to the peculiar molecular and chemical properties known as aromaticity. ; Johnson, W.H. Heat capacities of some organic liquids determined with the Picker flow calorimeter, Ethylbenzene Formula: C 8 H 10 Molecular weight: 106.1650 IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C8H10/c1-2-8-6-4-3-5-7-8/h3-7H,2H2,1H3 IUPAC Standard InChIKey: YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N CAS Registry Number: 100-41-4 Chemical structure: This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file Mitt. ; Karbalai Ghassemi, M.H., Int. Data, 1987, 32, 176-177. Andrews, D.H.; Lynn, G.; Johnston, J., Gorbunova, N.I. Nauk, 1962, SSSR 142, 1335-1338. ; Grigoriev, V.A. Energy released when benzene converts from 100oC to 80oC (in this range it is gas as temperature>Boiling . Soc. [65] More than half of the entire benzene production is processed into ethylbenzene, a precursor to styrene, which is used to make polymers and plastics like polystyrene. Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons. Kalorimetrische Messungen an Mischungen von Nichtelektrolyten, 1. Structure and properties. phys. In 1988 it was reported that two-thirds of all chemicals on the American Chemical Society's lists contained at least one benzene ring. [all data], Czarnota, 1991 J. Chem. Please read AddThis Privacy for more information. This process was later discontinued. J. Chem. Chim. These applications will - due to browser restrictions - send data between your browser and our server. [all data], Tanaka, 1987 Devon is applying 100N of . Atalla, S.R. Ser. [66], Toluene is now often used as a substitute for benzene, for instance as a fuel additive. J. Thermophysics, 1982, 3, 1-15. Ber. Data, 1969, 14, 102-106. Depending on the feedstock used to produce the olefins, steam cracking can produce a benzene-rich liquid by-product called pyrolysis gasoline. ; Udovenko, W.W., Czarnota, I., It is a byproduct of the incomplete combustion of many materials. Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed. Cookies are only used in the browser to improve user experience. In 1872, Kekul suggested that benzene had two complementary structures and that these forms rapidly interconverted, so that if there were a double bond between any pair of carbon atoms at one instant, that double bond would become a single bond at the next instant (and vice versa). Many important chemical compounds are derived from benzene by replacing one or more of its hydrogen atoms with another functional group. Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6. J. Chem. DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr. [all data], Wilhelm, Faradjzadeh, et al., 1982 ; Kohler, F., Specific Hazards Arising from the Chemical Flammable. If benzene must be used in an experiment, it should be handled at all stages in a fume cupboard. Ogawa, H.; Murakami, S., Replacing one CH with N gives the compound pyridine, C5H5N. . [all data], Shiohama, Ogawa, et al., 1988 This reaction is practiced on a large scale industrially. The heat capacities and heat of crystallization of some isomeric aromatic compounds, Vys. Myeloperoxidase mutations result in loss of function and may result in decreased generation of toxic metabolites. The most widely practiced example of this reaction is the ethylation of benzene. Pure benzene, for example, oxidizes in the body to produce an epoxide, benzene oxide, which is not excreted readily and can interact with DNA to produce harmful mutations. 1st Czech. J. Res. Excess molar isobaric heat capacities and isentropic compressibilities of (cis- or trans-decalin + benzene or toluene or iso-octane or n-heptane) at 298.15 K, Etude thermochimique dans la serie furanique, In some systems, even the benzene-to-xylenes ratio is modified to favor xylenes. Only emails and answers are saved in our archive. ; Simonov, V.M. [25] In 1997, benzene was detected in deep space.[26]. The pure material, and any solutions containing it, constitute a fire risk. Specific heat of water= 4.18 . ; Shipova, V.A., been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. Isentropic compressibilities of binary liquid mixtures at 303.15 and 313.15 K, Data compilation copyright Benzene, C6H6, is a clear colorless to light-yellow liquid, flammable with a petroleum-like, aromatic odor. For other uses, see, Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their, Biological oxidation and carcinogenic activity, Critics pointed out a problem with Kekul's original (1865) structure for benzene: Whenever benzene underwent substitution at the ortho position, two distinguishable isomers should have resulted, depending on whether a double bond or a single bond existed between the carbon atoms to which the substituents were attached; however, no such isomers were observed. +4 A piece of aluminum metal at an initial temperature of 97.3C was placed in a calorimeter containing 49.0g of water at an initial temperature of 22.0C. Sieg, L.; Crtzen, J.L. Specific heat of benzenoid hydrocarbons, Zhdanov, A.K., Thermodynam., 1974, 6, 873-876. Specific heat capacity of liquids including ethanol, refrigerant 134, water. If you want to promote your products or services in the Engineering ToolBox - please use Google Adwords. Answered: Benzene is a chemical compound in | bartleby [all data], Grolier, Roux-Desgranges, et al., 1987 In catalytic reforming, a mixture of hydrocarbons with boiling points between 60 and 200C is blended with hydrogen gas and then exposed to a bifunctional platinum chloride or rhenium chloride catalyst at 500525C and pressures ranging from 850 atm. Soc., 1932, 54, 2705-2713. In this process, the xylene stream exiting the TDP unit is approximately 90% p-xylene. Thermal data on organic compounds. Studies have shown that genotype at these loci may influence susceptibility to the toxic effects of benzene exposure. Have no definite shape 2. Excess thermodynamic functions of the systems: benzene + p-xylene and benzene + p-dioxan, ; Wallace, J.H., Jr., 1 C) = 30.7 k // mol melting point = 5.5 0 C A H tin (5.50 C) = 9.95 kV / mol specific heat liguid = 1.741/ 0 C At a pressure of 1 atm, what is AH in kJ for the process of condensing a 31.3 a sample of gaseous benzene at . J. Chem. Gatterman Reaction You can target the Engineering ToolBox by using AdWords Managed Placements. The current ACGIH biological exposure limits for occupational exposure are 500 g/g creatinine for muconic acid and 25 g/g creatinine for phenylmercapturic acid in an end-of-shift urine specimen.[91][92][93][94].
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